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Upper middle income
Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Within the “Upper middle income” group, Serbia leads Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in 2024 at 0.94%, while Kazakhstan sits at the lower end of the current snapshot with 0.16%. This format is well suited to long-tail regional and income-group queries.

Group leaders

0.00.20.50.70.9SerbiaSerbia: 0.94%0.9BelarusBelarus: 0.59%0.6AlgeriaAlgeria: 0.44%0.4CubaCuba: 0.44%0.4North MacedoniaNorth Macedonia: 0.37%0.4UkraineUkraine: 0.37%0.4ArmeniaArmenia: 0.29%0.3GeorgiaGeorgia: 0.26%0.3MauritiusMauritius: 0.26%0.3MexicoMexico: 0.25%0.3MoldovaMoldova: 0.22%0.2Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina: 0.21%0.2

Country table

#CountryValue
1 Serbia 0.94%
2 Belarus 0.59%
3 Algeria 0.44%
4 Cuba 0.44%
5 North Macedonia 0.37%
6 Ukraine 0.37%
7 Armenia 0.29%
8 Georgia 0.26%
9 Mauritius 0.26%
10 Mexico 0.25%
11 Moldova 0.22%
12 Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.21%
13 Azerbaijan 0.21%
14 Kazakhstan 0.16%

Analytical takeaways

  • Inside the Upper middle income group for Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in 2024, Serbia leads with a gap of 0.35% to the next country.
  • The peer set on this page covers 14 countries, and the lower end of the current distribution sits with Kazakhstan at 0.16%.
  • This page bridges the global ranking context with a more relevant regional or income-based comparison layer.